Polti’s 36 Dramatic Situations
Patterns of Organisation
The following patterns of exposition can help with... organising content finding content Patterns of exposition - examples and illustrations - narration - description - process we describe how to do something or tell how something happens. it...
100 POTENTIALLY INTERESTING SETTINGS FOR SCENES
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4.11 Prose Poems: Definition & Famous Examples
What exactly is a prose poem? In this lesson, we will define prose poems, analyze characteristics of prose poetry, and learn about a few famous examples. We will wrap up the lesson with a short quiz to test our knowledge. Introduction to Prose Poetry Have you ever...
4.10 End Rhyme in Poetry: Definition & Examples
In this lesson, we will define end rhyme. We will also cover why some poets and songwriters choose to use it. Then we will identify examples of end rhyme by looking at stanzas from classic poems and from a popular nursery rhyme. What Is End Rhyme? End rhyme is when...
4.9 Interpreting a Poem’s Main Idea & Theme
Many poems have both a main idea and a theme. In this lesson, you'll learn techniques for finding both in poetry by studying a sample poem. Afterward, you can test your understanding with a short quiz. Main Idea vs. Theme Imagine you've just stepped out of the movies....
4.8 Inferring Mood in Poetry
Poets have a variety of tools to use to create mood. In this lesson, you'll learn about three of these tools and how you can use that knowledge to infer mood. You'll also learn how this skill applies specifically to the AP Literature exam. Setting the Mood Somber....
4.7 Understanding Figurative Language in Poetry
Poetry is difficult to define, but there's one characteristic that most poems share - figurative language. In this lesson, you'll learn how to identify and draw inferences from figurative language. Figurative or Literal One way to think about language is to see that...
4.6 Imagery, Symbolism & Juxtaposition in Poetry
Poetry is a dense and rich form of literature. In this lesson you'll learn about how imagery, symbolism, and juxtaposition work to add depth to poetry. You'll also learn some tips for taking the AP Literature exam. Distilled Language Rita Dove, who served as the Poet...
4.5 Similes, Metaphors & Personification in Poetry
Comparison is the basis of figurative language, and the most common forms of poetic comparison are simile, metaphor, and personification. In this lesson, you'll define all three terms and see several examples of each. Figurative Language As gentle as a lamb. America...
4.4 What is a Stanza in Poetry? – Definition & Examples
Want to find out what poems and houses have in common? In this lesson, we'll explore the 'rooms' that stanzas create in poetry, drawing on examples from Gwendolyn Brooks, Robert Frost, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Elizabeth Bishop, and Lord Byron. Definition of a Stanza...
4.3 How to Analyze Emotion in Poetry
Poetry often begins with emotion and finishes with profound insights about human nature. In this lesson, you'll learn how to recognize emotion in poems. By understanding those feelings, you'll gain a broader understanding of literature. Poetic Emotion Poetry is when...
4.2 Elements of Poetry: Rhythm
Poetry often has a defined beat or rhythm. In this lesson, you'll review the most common forms of poetic rhythm before diving deeper into how those rhythms influence the overall effect of the poem. Rhythm, Meter and Feet The advanced placement test for English...
4.1 Elements of Poetry: Rhymes & Sounds
Many poems rhyme, but there is often more going on in terms of the sounds of the words than just what happens at the ends of the lines. This lesson explores some of the nuances of rhyme and sound in poetry. More Than Rhymes Jack be nimble, Jack be quick, Jack jump...
4.6 What Are Benzodiazepines? – Side Effects & Withdrawal
Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that have a calming effect on the body. In this lesson, we will discuss their mechanism of action, side effects, withdrawal, and addiction potential. Benzodiazepines Defined Has anyone ever told you to 'take a chill pill'? This...
4.5 What are Psychoactive Drugs? – Definition, Types & Uses
How do psychoactive drugs alter cognitive states? In this lesson, you'll learn how these chemical compounds affect neurotransmitter functions as well as explore some factors that can affect the outcomes of drug use. As their name suggests, psychoactive...
3.15 Satire, Parody, or Spoof: Types of Humorous Writing
Learn about how writers use satire, parody and spoof to make their readers laugh and think. Explore how these forms mock the conventions of specific literary works and genres. Satire, Parody or Spoof? If I learned anything from my time as a wannabe humor writer, it is...
3.14 Tone vs. Mood: Interpreting Meaning In Prose
In this lesson, learn the difference between the tone and the mood of a piece of prose. Explore examples of how tone and mood are conveyed by authors through word choice and telling details. Tone I don't know about you, but I can easily write a descriptive scene of a...
3.13 Symbolism & Imagery in Literature: Definitions & Examples
In this lesson you will learn how poets and authors use symbolism in their writing to make it more meaningful and interesting. Explore how descriptive writing called imagery appeals to the senses, adding to works of literature. What Is Symbolism? 'Harlem' by Langston...
3.12 Understatement & Litotes: Differences, Definitions & Examples
In this lesson, explore the use of understatement as a way to draw attention to a specific quality or to add humor. Learn about litotes, a specific form of understatement, and discover examples from literature. What Is Understatement? In the 1975 film, Monty Python...
3.11 Consonance, Assonance, and Repetition: Definitions & Examples
In this lesson, explore the different ways authors repeat consonant and vowel sounds in their literary works. Learn about how writers use repeated words and phrases with well-known examples. Repetition Means Something One of the best pieces of advice I ever received...
3.10 Allegory in Literature: History, Definition & Examples
Learn about allegories and how stories can be used to deliver messages, lessons or even commentaries on big concepts and institutions. Explore how allegories range from straightforward to heavily-veiled and subtle. What Is an Allegory? When is a story more than just a...
3.9 What is Catharsis? – Definition, Examples & History in Literature and Drama
In this lesson, learn about catharsis, a purging of feelings that occurs when audiences have strong emotional reactions to a work of literature. Explore examples of literary works which lead to catharsis, including tragedies. What Is Catharsis? Confession: Sometimes I...
3.8 What Are Literary Motifs? – Definition & Examples
In this lesson, you will learn about how writers use themes in works of literature as a way to explore universal ideas like love and war. You will also explore motifs, or repeating objects and ideas, which can contribute to theme. What Is a Theme? Powerful and lasting...
3.7 Types of Irony: Examples & Definitions
Discover, once and for all, what irony is and is not. Explore three types of irony: verbal, situational and dramatic, and learn about some famous and everyday examples. What Is Irony? The 1995 pop song by singer Alanis Morissette, 'Ironic,' presents a number of...
3.6 Personification and Apostrophe: Differences & Examples
In this lesson, explore how writers use personification to give human characteristics to objects, ideas, and animals. Learn about apostrophe, or when characters speak to objects, ideas, and even imaginary people as if they were also characters. What Is...
3.5 Synecdoche vs. Metonymy: Definitions & Examples
Would you lend your ears for a moment (or at least your eyeballs)? This lesson will explain what synecdoche and metonymy mean and how to spot them in a piece of prose or poetry. Synecdoche: Parts and Wholes Let's talk about synecdoche and metonymy, two very particular...
3.4 Narrators in Literature: Types and Definitions
Learn how point of view, or the angle from which a story is told, impacts the narrative voice of a work of literature. Explore, through examples, how point of view can be limited, objective, or omniscient. What Is Point of View? You might have noticed that when trying...
3.3 Similes in Literature: Definition and Examples
Explore the simile and how, through comparison, it is used as a shorthand to say many things at once. Learn the difference between similes and metaphors, along with many examples of both. What Is a Simile? Writers sure love figurative language. That's where they take...
3.2 Cliches, Paradoxes & Equivocations: Definitions & Examples
Learn about cliches, paradoxes, and equivocations, and how they can weaken or strengthen certain types of writing. Explore examples of all three from literature and daily life. Introduction One of the many things that movies and TV get wrong about teaching is that in...
3.1 Literary Devices: Definition & Examples
This lesson studies some of the more common literary devices found in literature. Devices studied include allusion, diction, epigraph, euphemism, foreshadowing, imagery, metaphor/simile, personification, point-of-view and structure. Definition When an author sits to...
2.9 Interpreting Literary Meaning: How to Use Text to Guide Your Interpretation
In this lesson, we will discuss how to find and interpret literary meaning in writings. The lesson will focus on using the text to find key elements to guide your interpretation. What Did the Author Mean? Have you ever finished reading a novel or short story and...
2.8 Close Reading vs. Big Picture Reading Strategies
In this lesson, learn about two different approaches to reading a work of literature: big picture strategies and close reading strategies. Discover how these two perspectives can be put into practice through examples from the play 'Romeo and Juliet.' Close Reading and...
2.7 What is Structure in Writing and How Does it Affect Meaning?
In this lesson, we will define the role of structure in literature. From there, we will look at the different ways to structure fiction and how it affects the meaning. What is in a Story? Have you ever drawn a picture? Or learned a new dance? When you draw a picture,...
2.6 Understanding Tone and Mood in a Reading Passage
In this lesson, we will define the literary terms tone and mood. We will then discuss how to identify each of them, as well as how to identify them in small reading passages. Picture This It was a dark and stormy night. I sat alone in the old, dilapidated house...
2.5 What Are Connotation and Denotation? – Definitions & Examples
Discover the difference between a word's denotation and its connotation in this lesson. Explore how authors use both denotation and connotation to add layers of meaning to their work with some literary examples. What's in a Name? Recently, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida,...
2.3 Reading Strategies Using Visualisation
In this lesson, we will define visualization. We will then discuss why this step is important, how we can visualize, and when you should visualize. Finally, we will look at a sample from a poem and practice visualizing. Let's Imagine Take a minute to imagine a holiday...
2.2 Constructing Meaning with Context Clues, Prior Knowledge & Word Structure
In this lesson, you will learn how readers use prior knowledge, context clues and word structure to aid their understanding of what they read. Explore these strategies through examples from literature and everyday life. Prior Knowledge Reading requires a lot from our...
2.1 What is Inference? – How to Infer Intended Meaning
In this lesson, we will define the terms inference and intended meaning. We will then discuss what steps to take when making inferences in literature. Have I Used Inference Before? Imagine for a moment that you have arrived at your house after work. All the lights are...
1.6 Glossary of Literary Terms: Poetry
Before you start your study of poetry, you'll want to have these technical, literary and genre terms at your disposal. Read on to learn the basics of analyzing poetry! Introduction Poetry is kind of terrifying. It's not like reading a book, where you generally expect...
1.5 Glossary of Literary Terms: Prose
The study of literature is a broad, diverse field. However, there's some general knowledge you should have before you dive in. Check out these terms to get a handle on the basics of prose study. Introduction The question of how to study books is one that is asked a...
1.3 How to Analyze a Literary Passage: A Step-by-Step Guide
In this lesson, we will examine the steps involved in the basic analysis of literature. Then, using a well-known fable, we will go through each step of analysis: comprehension, interpreting and drawing conclusions. Introduction Analyzing literature. Kind of scary,...
Biddy Tarot Video On Intuitive Reading
Card numerology New beginningsPartnershipCreationStability & foundationsConflict & changeHarmony & growthSpirituality & KnowledgeActionFulfilmentCompletion & renewal Suits and elements Cups - waterrelationships, feelings, emotions, creativity...
4.4 Altered States of Consciousness: Meditation & Hypnosis
How can you reach an altered state of consciousness without drugs? Meditation and hypnosis are two techniques that can promote a relaxed state of mind. Watch this video to learn the difference between the two and their possible effects. Meditation Sit in a comfortable...
4.3 Why Do We Sleep and Dream?
The exact functions of sleeping and dreaming are unknown, but psychologists have attempted to interpret what happens and why when we sleep. In this lesson, you'll explore the importance of sleep and some of the more famous theories regarding why we dream. Sleeping...
4.2 What is the Sleep Cycle? – Definition, Stages & Disorders
What happens when you sleep? Why are dreams typically more intense as morning approaches? This lesson will guide you through the stages of the sleep cycle that make up a full night's rest. You'll spend about one-third of your life sleeping. Added up,...
4.1 States of Consciousness, Self-Awareness & the Unconscious Mind
Consciousness is your awareness of how and why you react to your surroundings. As you watch this video, you may realize that you pass through multiple states of consciousness during any given day. Humans are self-aware. Do you remember your first day of...
3.24 Contrast Effect: Definition & Example
In this lesson, you will learn the definition of the contrast effect and be given examples to further your understanding. Following the lesson will be a brief quiz. What Is the Contrast Effect? You are shopping for a car and the salesman shows you an expensive model...
3.23 Sensory Cortex: Definition & Function
So, you understand the dog you see in front of you is an image your brain has constructed. Light hits your eyes and after a lot of processing, your brain comes up with an image. But, what happens in between? Find out how the sensory cortex does it. What Is the Sensory...
3.22 The Stroop Effect in Psychology: Definition, Test & Experiment
This lesson discusses the Stroop Effect. You will learn about the man and original experiment behind it, try it yourself, study the underlying psychology, and also see what we know today. Who Was John Stroop? John Ridley Stroop was an American psychologist who studied...
3.21 Autonomic Nervous System: Function, Definition & Divisions
In this lesson we'll learn the definition of 'autonomic nervous system.' The lesson explores the system's function and gives an overview of the divisions that comprise the system. A short quiz will follow. Definition of Autonomic Nervous System Have you ever come face...
3.20 What is Sensation in Psychology? – Definition & Concept
In this lesson, you will learn about the concept of sensation and the five distinct subsystems that comprise sensation. Following the lesson, you will have the opportunity to test your knowledge with a short quiz. The Invisible Work Force Imagine you're sitting at a...
3.19 Selective Perception: Theory & Examples
In this lesson, we will discuss selective perception and the selective perception theory. Learn more about selective perception from examples. Then test your knowledge with a quiz. Example of Selective Perception Jane is an avid runner and a self-proclaimed health...
3.18 Opponent-Process Theory
If you stare at a green dot for about a minute, then turn your gaze toward a white wall, you should see a red afterimage. The experience of afterimages is a fairly common one among humans, and in this lesson we will talk about how the brain creates them. What Is...
3.17 Motion Parallax in Psychology: Definition & Explanation
Motion parallax is a monocular depth cue in which we view objects that are closer to us as moving faster than objects that are further away from us. Learn about motion parallax, depth perception, monocular cues, and more. Depth Perception Look at this image (see...
3.16 Law of Similarity: Overview & Examples
Psychologists use the law of similarity to understand behavior. Learn the law of similarity and see examples of how it affects you every day. Then, test your knowledge with a quiz. What Is the Law of Similarity? Have you ever walked down a busy street on a summer day...
3.15 James Vicary: Experiment & Overview
In 1957, James Vicary claimed to have conducted an experiment in which he exposed moviegoers to brief messages about popcorn and Coca-Cola, stating that it increased sales. Learn about the experiment and the ethical and legal controversy of subliminal advertising....
3.14 Hyposensitivity to Touch & Movement: Definition & Overview
Did you know that hyposensitivity to touch and movement can be caused by neurological disorders? Learn more about the signs and causes of hyposensitivity to touch and movement. Then test your knowledge with a quiz. Definition and Example James is a 4-year-old boy. He...
3.13 Difference Threshold: Examples & Definition
Learn about the difference threshold phenomenon and some of its practical applications. Understand what affects your perception of change and why, sometimes, you do not notice differences that exist. Noticing the Difference 'I just want the ends trimmed,' you say to...
3.12 What are the Stages of Perception?
Perception refers to the way individuals experience or give meaning to information and events, and perception differs from person to person. This lesson will discuss the five stages of perception and will end with a quiz to test your knowledge. The Stages of...
3.11 Vestibular and Kinesthetic Senses
In this lesson, we will learn about our kinesthetic and vestibular senses, which are responsible for things like movement and balance. We'll talk about what each of these senses do, and why we need them. Sense and Movement How can you tell when you're standing up...
3.10 Somatosenses: Definition and Function
The somatosensory system is your sense of touch. While this sounds quite simple, there is so much more to it than just feeling things through your fingers. This lesson discusses the definition and function of the somatosenses. What Is Somatosensation? How do you see?...
3.9 The Psychology of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
In this lesson, learn the difference between verbal and nonverbal communication and how you use them in your life. Also, study the different components of these two major communication styles so you can improve your skills and communicate more effectively. The...
3.8 The Psychological Processes of Reading
This lesson discusses how different psychological processes are used during reading acquisition. The terms reading and psychological processes are defined and reading is discussed as it occurs through word-level and text level processes. Reading Acquisition...
3.7 Sensory Adaptation: Definition & Examples
If you're like most people, you have probably experienced or observed sensory adaptation at some point. Learn how this mechanism works in everyday life and test your knowledge with a short quiz. Definition and Neurology of Sensory Adaptation Sensory adaptation is...
3.6 Perceptual Development in Infants
Why are some senses more developed than others for a newborn? You'll learn which senses are initially important for infants to bond with and recognize their mothers and which one is still in development after birth. Just like the other systems in our bodies,...
3.5 Taste, Touch & Smell: Proprioception & the Somatosensory System
How do taste, touch and smell work? Also, what is proprioception? Throughout this lesson, you'll get a detailed description on each of these remarkable senses. Vision and hearing help us to navigate the world; to locate objects, to communicate and to avoid...
3.4 Mechanics of Hearing & How the Brain Processes Sound
How do our ears transform sound into signals that our brains can process? In this lesson, you'll cover properties of sound waves and how they interact with key parts of the ear. Introduction Did you know where the smallest bones in your body are? They're not in your...
3.3 What is Depth Perception? – Definition, Cues & Examples
How do our brains make 3-D images out of 2-D inputs? In this lesson, you'll explore various visual cues that require either one eye or both eyes. Prepare to look at depth perception in a new way. We live in a 3-dimensional world, but each of our eyes is only...
3.2 How Does Vision Work?
How do your eyes and brain work together to turn light into images? You'll learn about the working components of the eye and take a look at two theories of color perception. We humans rely on our senses of sight more than a lot of other animals. A cat can easily find...
3.1 Intro to Sensation and Perception
What is the difference between sensation and perception, and how do they work? You'll get to see how the mind handles and differentiates between multiple sensations in this introduction. Imagine your phone rings. You take it out and see that it's an...
2.19 What is Serotonin? – Definition & Function
This lesson describes what serotonin is and how it is used in the body. In addition, we'll discuss SSRIs, which boost serotonin levels in the brain; side effects of using SSRI's; serotonin syndrome; and natural ways to boost serotonin in the body. Definition of...
2.18 What is Psychoneuroimmunology? – Definition & Impact
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is the study of how the brain, nervous system, and the immune system impact each other. Applications include how stress leads to illness and how chronic inflammation can lead to cardiovascular problems and cancer. What Is...
2.17 Neurogenesis: Definition & Research
In this lesson, you will discover what neurogenesis is and how it affects our everyday lives. You will also learn about the historical viewpoint of neurogenesis as well as newer, more exciting research on this important function. What is Neurogenesis? The...
2.16 What is Dopamine? – Definition & Function
In this lesson, learn what dopamine is and how to identify its effects on the body. Afterward, take a quiz to determine your understanding of the function of this amazing chemical. What Is Dopamine? When studying the biological basis of behavior, it is important to...
2.15 What is Testosterone? – Definition, Production & Therapy
In this lesson learn the definition of testosterone, how it is produced in the body and different types of therapy treatments. Afterwards, take a quiz to see how you score in your understanding of this important hormone. The Importance of Testosterone Testosterone is...
2.14 Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Definition & Function
Your 'ventromedial hypothalamus' may sound scary, but really it's just a part of your brain. This lesson will explain what it is, where it is in the brain and what it does for you. Definition and Location of the VMH No, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is not a...
2.13 Stimuli: Definition & Examples
Stimuli are constantly affecting us and our daily lives. Therefore, it is important to understand how stimuli can cause changes in our environment and how we are able to adapt to them. A Look at Stimuli Our environment is constantly changing, and in order for us and...
2.12 What is Neuroplasticity? – Definition & Concept
In this lesson, we will look at what neuroplasticity is and how it works. We will also explore up-and-coming research that shows how neuroplasticity can help individuals with depression. What Is Neuroplasticity? Neuroplasticity, also called brain plasticity, is the...
2.11 Biological Rhythm: Definition & Explanation
Learn what biological rhythms are and how they fit into the life cycles of different animals. Read about the circadian rhythm and other examples of biological rhythm that cause behaviors and growth. Definition of Biological Rhythm Let's say it is 3:00 in the...
2.10 Biological Forces: Definition & Examples
Biological forces can have a profound influence on whether a person develops a healthy brain and body. We'll learn the definition of biological forces and explore some examples of how they contribute to or inhibit the development process. What Are Biological Forces?...
2.9 Alpha Waves: Definition & Concept
Did you know that your brain produces electrical impulses that create brain waves? In this lesson, you will learn about the first brain waves to be discovered, how they are produced, measured and why they are significant today. The Discovery of Alpha Waves Your brain...
2.8 General Adaptation Syndrome: Stages, Definition & Examples
General adaptation syndrome (GAS) is the predictable way the body responds to stress as described by Hans Selye (1907-1982). Learn more about the three stages of general adaptation syndrome and test your knowledge with quiz questions. General Adaptation Syndrome...
2.7 Endocrine System Function & Hormone Regulation
Our hormones play a big part in how we feel and behave throughout the day. Hormones also affect important bodily functions. What other functions do our hormones regulate? Find out in this lesson on the endocrine system! Defining the Endocrine System Teenagers aren't...
2.6 What is Neuroplasticity? – Definition & Examples
Is your brain preprogrammed and unchangeable or adaptive and malleable? As you watch this video, you'll explore how the brain, a more resilient and resourceful machine than any computer, responds to damage and new experiences. Your brain is amazing and...
2.5 Parts of the Brain
Is there a way to easily remember the many parts of the brain? Don't be afraid of all these complex terms; this lesson outlines some easy and fun phrases to help you memorize the brain's anatomy. Let's take a look. Your psychology friends are going to...
2.4 Nervous System Overview: Central & Peripheral
What happens in your nervous system when you react to stimuli? Did you know that the brain is sometimes uninvolved with reflexes? Find out the answer to these questions, and more, in this lesson on the human nervous system. Central Nervous System Not everything we do...
2.3 What is a Neurotransmitter? – Definition, Types, Function & Examples
How do our bodies communicate with our brains and vice versa? In this video, you'll see how neurons and neurotransmitters can be likened to billions of tiny baseball players engaged in a non-stop game of catch. Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters are chemical signals...
2.2 What is a Neuron? – Definition, Parts & Function
What are the parts of a neuron? You'll watch Neuron Garciaparra work up a sweat as he throws baseballs to demonstrate the structures and functions of the billions of neurons that reside in your body. Neurons are nerve cells that are constantly sending...
2.1 Intro to Biological Psychology
What are the biological factors that affect our behavior? In this lesson, you'll take a look at biological psychology, which looks at the interplay between biological processes and mental states. When we think about making choices, we think about things...
1.31 Freud’s Dream Psychology & Analysis
Sigmund Freud did extensive research into the human mind in order to explain human behavior. One of his focus areas was dream analysis. In this lesson you will learn about Freud's research and findings related to dream analysis. You will also learn about what critics...
1.30 Kenneth Clark: Biography & Doll Study
In this lesson, we'll talk about the biography of the noted psychologist Kenneth B. Clark and some of his major accomplishments in the field of psychology. We'll also look closely at a well-known experiment called the doll study. Who is Kenneth Clark? We all aspire to...
1.29 Jeffrey Young and Schema Therapy
In this lesson, we will learn about Schema Therapy and the psychologist who developed it, Jeffrey Young. We will examine what Schema Therapy is and how it is used. Psychologist Jeffrey Young Jeffrey Young is a faculty member in the department of Psychiatry at Columbia...
1.28 Best Psychology Books for Undergraduates
If you are searching for a list of psychology books that introduce a wide variety of concepts, look no further. Students at the undergraduate level can find popularly recommended psychology books through this reading list and supportive companion lessons below....
1.27 Best Psychology Books for Beginners
Introduce yourself to a few of the many different fields of psychology with this list of diverse psychology books. You'll also find several resources that can help you get a better understanding of the content in each book. Thought Provoking Beginner Psychology Books...
1.26 Wilhelm Wundt’s Explanation of Introspection
Wilhelm Wundt offered a foundation for psychology, and many today note him as the father of psychology. This lesson aims to describe and define Wundt's emphasis on the process of introspection. Introduction to Introspection Wilhelm Wundt is known as the father of...
1.25 The American Psychological Association: Definition, Divisions & Publications
The American Psychological Association is one of the most visible professional organizations. From manuals to journal publications, the APA helps professionals stay informed about the state of the science of psychology. More Than Just a Citation Style If you've ever...
1.24 The American Psychiatric Association: Definition, Guidelines & Publications
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is a professional organization of psychiatrists that promotes psychiatry and educates people about the field. In this lesson you will learn more about what the APA is and how they function. What Is the American Psychiatric...
1.23 Mary Whiton Calkins & Psychology: Biography & Theory
In this lesson, you'll read about Mary Whiton Calkins, a pioneer in the budding field of psychology and the first female president of the American Psychological Association. Learn about her contributions to the study of memory, dreaming, and self-psychology. ...
1.22 Lewis Terman: Biography & Intelligence Quotient
Lewis Terman was an American psychologist whose early 20th century work has been profoundly influential in the field of educational psychology. Through this lesson, you'll explore his biography and learn about his contributions to the testing of intelligence...
1.21 Robert Rescorla: Biography & Psychology
This article summarizes the contributions Robert Rescorla has made to psychology. Specific detail is given to his groundbreaking discoveries in the field of Pavlovian conditioning, out of which arose the contingency theory. Pavlovian Conditioning You might be familiar...
1.20 Psychodynamics: Definition & Theory
Psychodynamics has been a popular set of theories in psychology since emerging from Europe in the 19th century. Through this lesson, you will learn how to define psychodynamics and explore some of the more prominent theories that comprise the psychodynamic approach to...
1.19 Pseudoscience: Examples & Definition
In science fiction, pseudoscience can be used as an exciting plot device to move a story along, but where does it fit in the real world? Through this lesson you'll learn what defines pseudoscience and gain insight into how and why it exists. What Is Pseudoscience?...
1.18 Pseudo-psychology: Definition & Examples
This lesson examines what is meant by the term 'pseudo-psychology,' and gives examples to illustrate how pseudo-psychology differs from scientifically based psychology. Afterwards, take the quiz to test what you learned. What Is Pseudo-Psychology? The term 'pseudo'...
1.17 William James & Psychology: Theories, Overview
Often referred to as 'The Father of American Psychology,' William James was one of the first prominent American psychologists. His ideas on how the human mind functions led to his development and influence on the budding field of psychology here in the United States....
1.16 Psychosurgery: Definition, Types & History
More controversial than any other treatment for mental disorders, psychosurgery is seldom used today. In this lesson you will learn about the history of psychosurgery along with the various types. Then, test your knowledge with a quiz. Psychologists theorize that any...
1.15 Psychodynamic Psychology: Definition & Explanation
Psychodynamic psychology began with Sigmund Freud, but, over time, his theory of psychoanalysis gave birth to revised perspectives among people who styled themselves Neo-Freudians. In this lesson, you'll get an overview of key Neo-Freudians and how they revised...
1.14 Gustav Fechner: Psychology Theory & Explanation
In this lesson, you will learn about Gustav Fechner and the influence he had on the field of psychology. Specifically, you will learn how Fechner's background in religion and science helped him forge the way to making psychology a quantifiable science. Who Was Gustav...
1.13 Franz Joseph Gall & Phrenology Theory: Definition & Overview
Learn about phrenology. Understand the theory behind its practice and how it was used to help explain human personality and behavior. Learn about its important role in the development of neurology. Introduction to Phrenology Take a look at this woman (yes, that's a...
1.12 Basic Psychological Processes: Definition & Overview
In this lesson, we will look at five basic processes psychologists use to better understand the mind and human behavior: sensation, perception, attention, learning, and memory. The Five Psychological Processes Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. This can...
1.11 Cultural Universals in Sociology: Definition & Examples
Learn how different actions and choices between two cultures can actually be accomplishing a similar goal under the surface. Learn about the universal constants that have guided human behavior and culture throughout history in this lesson. What Is a Cultural...
1.10 Anna Freud: Biography & Theories
This lesson focuses on Anna Freud, daughter of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Like her father, Anna worked in the field of psychology most of her life. Her theories and papers form a body of work that still underlies modern psychology and psychoanalysis. Who Was Anna...
1.9 Social Stratification: Definition, Theories & Examples
Social stratification refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. Let's examine some of the theories surrounding this concept. Definition of Social Stratification Social stratification refers to a system by which a society ranks...
1.8 Ivan Pavlov and Classical Conditioning: Theory, Experiments & Contributions to Psychology
Ivan Pavlov and his theory of classical conditioning had a profound impact on the understanding of human behavior. This lesson explains classical conditioning and Pavlov's contributions to psychology. Ivan Pavlov and His Dogs Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) was a Russian...
1.7 Ethics in Psychological Experiments: Importance & Examples
What are the ethical principles of psychological research? In this lesson, you'll take a look at the careful considerations a psychologist must make with respect to her participants when she designs a test. Let's say a psychologist wanted to test whether people...
1.6 Psychological Specializations: Cognitive, Humanistic, Social, Developmental & Clinical
Psychologists today study behavior through five main specializations: cognitive, humanistic, social, developmental and clinical. In this lesson, you'll focus on the central ideas behind each approach. Cognitive Psychology Behaviorism, or the idea that you can be...
1.5 Three Later Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis and Behaviourism
How was psychology studied in the early twentieth century? In this lesson, you'll look at three common approaches of the early twentieth century and get a sense of the diverse routes psychologists can take as they study how the mind works. Human behavior is varied and...
1.4 Two Early Approaches: Functionalism and Structuralism
What were the first two approaches to psychology, and how were they related? What do introspection and evolutionary principles have to do with it? In this lesson, you'll explore structuralism and functionalism. For a long time, questions of human...
1.3 The Science of Psychology: Experiments & the Scientific Method
How do psychologists use the scientific method to research behaviors? From formulating hypotheses to reducing biases, psychology carefully analyzes behaviors and their potential causes. The Scientific Method How do you go about finding an answer to a puzzling...
1.2 What Is Psychology?
Psychology is the scientific study of how we think, feel and behave. In this lesson, you'll get an overview of the five main approaches that have guided modern psychological research. Why do you act the way you do? Have you ever wondered why some people...
1.1 Why Study Psychology? – Overview & Experiments
What at first seems obvious may not be the case. Psychology looks past intuitions and feelings to search for the true roots to our behaviors. Watch this lesson to learn about two experiments that demonstrate how testing the 'obvious' can yield surprising results. So...
10.10 The Three Types of Memory Structure & Our Understanding of Knowledge
Getting information from the environment into our memory banks is like a leaky conveyor belt. Everything has a chance, but most information doesn't make it. This lesson reviews our memory structure and the types of knowledge we store in our memory. Path To Recall Have...
10.9 The Priming Effect: Accessibility, Priming & Perceptual Salience
The priming effect is an interesting cognitive process studied by social psychologists. We discuss the effect in this lesson, along with several key terms that are important in understanding the phenomenon: schemata, accessibility, priming, and perceptual salience....
10.8 Declarative & Procedural Knowledge: Differences & Uses
What day is it? How do you tie a bow? These questions inquire into two different types of knowledge. This lesson reviews the uses of and differences between declarative and procedural knowledge. What Is Knowledge? You've decided to have a game night with your friends,...
10.7 Knowledge Organization: Schemata and Scripts
How does your mind organize the world? When you see a new animal, can you easily tell if it's a bird, mammal or fish? Categories and mental structures, such as types of animals, are called schemata. This lesson discusses different types of schemata and why they are...
10.6 Association Analogies: Definition & Types
Association analogies are the most common analogies found on tests. There are four different kinds and in this lesson, we will cover the definition and main types of association analogies. Background Association analogies are common on entrance exams such as the MAT,...
10.5 Semantic Memory Network Model
We often wonder how our memory is organized, especially when we have trouble remembering something. This lesson reviews the theory that semantic memory is organized in a weblike network of connected concepts. What Is Memory? Have you ever had the experience of seeing...
10.4 Psychological Essentialism: Examples & Application
Why do we think a certain way? Sometimes, we don't even realize what makes us categorize objects, or people, the way we do. In this lesson, we will discuss the idea of psychological essentialism, and how it affects our thinking and actions. More the Same, or More...
10.3 Theories of Cognitive Categorization & Classification
Classification is typically conducted based on similarities of objects. However, similarity is not the only method for categorization. This lesson reviews the major theories on and methods for cognitive categorization and classification. Knowing What We See The little...
10.2 Using Concepts to Classify the World
What has wings, feathers, and lives in a nest? That's not a riddle; it's a concept. Watch this lesson to find out more about what concepts are, what a prototype is, and how typicality influences the way you think about the world. Concept You know the song that says,...
10.1 Social Constructivism and the Mediated Learning Experience
A well-accepted fact among educational psychologists is the idea that knowledge is not absorbed but rather constructed through a person's experiences with his or her environment. This knowledge may be constructed individually or collaboratively. This lesson will...
9.7 Ronald Finke’s Five Principles of Visual Imagery
In this lesson, we delve deep into how humans might conjure images and the fascinating properties these images possess. Based on the work of Dr. Ronald Finke, we detail his five principles of mental imagery with examples. Thinking About Thinking People create mental...
9.6 Mental Imagery as an Epiphenomena of Cognitive Processes
Why are we able to see pictures in our minds? Why don't these images always seem to match reality? Psychologists, neuroscientists, and philosophers all face these questions, and in this lesson we'll look at one theory designed to explain them. Mental Imagery Try to...
9.5 Positioning Approaches: Dual Coding Theory
Is it words or pictures that make an advertising message more memorable, or is it a combination of both? In this lesson, we'll discuss dual coding theory in marketing positioning and the best ways to get a message across to an audience. Words or Pictures? Say you're a...
9.4 Jerome Bruner’s Theory of Development: Discovery Learning & Representation
This lesson explores Jerome Bruner's theory of development, his three modes of representation, and his beliefs on learning, language, and discovery. It will also differentiate Bruner's views of learning compared to Jean Piaget's views. Jerome Bruner and Education...
9.3 Mental Imagery: Process & Model
Why do some people have more trouble than others at visualizing a process, example, or item? In this lesson, you will discover that mental imagery is not an innate talent. We will discuss what mental imagery is, how it works and how to improve one's skill at it. In...
9.2 Dodge’s Social Information-Processing Model: The Five Stages
How do we understand our world and attribute meaning to it? There is a series of five stages that we go through cognitively when we face an event and decide to act on it. Kenneth Dodge called it a Social Information-Processing Model. Social Information Processing...
9.1 Cognitive Map: Definition and Examples
Cognitive maps are mental images of the attributes of our environment. Learn more about cognitive maps from examples. Then test your knowledge with a quiz. Definition Jill and Lisa are two close friends who met in college. Since they live in different cities, they...
8.13 The Misinformation Effect and Eyewitness Accounts
Many crimes are prosecuted on the basis of eyewitness testimony. But how accurate are eyewitness accounts? The misinformation effect and source monitoring are two psychological principles that explain how sometimes witnesses can be mistaken. How Accurate Are...
8.12 Schacter’s Seven Memory Distortions
This lesson introduces the seven memory distortions detailed by Dr. Daniel Schacter. We'll explore distortions with missing memories, memories that are incorrect, memories of events that never happened, and memories that won't leave us alone. Remember? We all...
8.11 Flashbulb Memory in Psychology: Definition & Examples
Flashbulb memories are burned into your brain when you learn of traumatic happenings, but are they really as accurate as they seem? In this lesson, you will learn what shapes a flashbulb memory and explore some examples from the real world. What Is Flashbulb Memory?...
8.10 Types of Forgetting & Memory Decay
Why do we remember some things and forget others? In this lesson, we'll talk about different kinds of forgetting: memory decay, memories fading as time passes; amnesia, the result of an injury; and repression, an effort to forget trauma. Memories and Forgetting Do you...
8.9 Retroactive Interference: Definition & Examples
Retroactive interference occurs when newly acquired information causes us to have trouble remembering old information. Learn more about retroactive interference from examples and test your knowledge with a quiz. Definition of Retroactive Interference Suppose that you...
8.7 George Miller’s Psychological Study to Improve Short-Term Memory
Wouldn't it be nice to improve your short-term memory? According to one psychological study, there are, in fact, ways you can organize sets of new information to make them easier to remember. Based on the study, this lesson examines a method that can increase your...
8.6 Improving Retrieval of Memories: Mnemonic Devices
When you have to study for a test and you need to remember a large amount of information, what strategies do you use to help your memory? These strategies are called mnemonic devices. This lesson covers several well-known mnemonic devices, such as chunking, the method...
8.5 Memory Consolidation: Definition & Theory
Every moment of our lives the brain works hard to remember the things we experience. In this article we will learn about memory consolidation. Take a quiz after the lesson to test your own short-term memory. Do You Remember? Imagine that you witness a truck recklessly...
8.4 Short-Term Memory: How STM Works
All memories must first pass through short-term memory (STM) before becoming permanent. But how does STM really work? This lesson covers several aspects of STM, including why it seems to be an auditory-based system, how much information can be stored and the serial...
8.3 What Is Short-Term Memory: Definition & Causes for Memory Loss
In this lesson, you will learn what short-term memory is. You will also learn how it relates to other types of memory, including sensory, working, and long-term memory. Then learn about some common reasons for short-term memory loss. What Is Short-Term Memory? If...
8.2 Encoding Memory: Definition & Types
In this lesson, you will learn about encoding memory, which is the initial process in learning new information. You will also gain knowledge about the different areas of encoding memory, including visual, acoustic and semantic. Retaining Memories Have you ever bumped...
8.1 What is Metacognition in Psychology? – Definition & Examples
Have you ever stopped to think about your thoughts? Sounds kind of deep, right? But actually, being metacognitive can help people with memory and awareness. Want to know how? Read on. Definition of Metacognition Whether we're driving our cars, reading a book, texting...
7.12 Dementia and Alzheimer’s: Differences & Impact on Aging
In this lesson, you will learn what dementia is and is not through definitions and examples. You will also examine Alzheimer's disease, the leading cause of dementia and memory loss in the elderly. Dementia and Alzheimer's You are volunteering at a nursing home, and...
7.11 Amnestic Disorder: Definition, Causes and Treatment for Amnesia
Our memories shape, and in many ways define who we are. But what happens when you lose your memories? In this lesson, we'll look at amnestic disorders, their causes and treatments. Amnesia In 1953, Henry Molaison had brain surgery to remove part of the left side of...
7.10 Research on Implanting & Restoring Memories
Changing conscious memories through restoration and/or implantation of memories is possible. This lesson covers research regarding how to restore memories that are fading as well as a discussion on memory implantation. Memories You and your sibling are fighting over a...
7.9 What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome? – Symptoms & Treatment
Did you know that Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is most commonly caused by the extended and heavy use of alcohol? Learn more about Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome from this lesson and then test your knowledge with a quiz. Introduction Karen is a 29-year-old bartender who...
7.8 What is Parallel Processing? – Definition & Model
Our brains are amazing machines that can juggle many pieces of information at the same time. Not only that, but these processes work together to keep us alive and kicking. This lesson takes a closer look at parallel processing. Parallel Processing You're alive today...
7.7 Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory
In this lesson, we'll talk about the British psychologist Alan Baddeley's model of working memory, which seeks to explain how we store quick and fleeting memories. We'll talk about each component of this four-part system. Alan Baddeley How do we remember the color of...
7.6 The Levels of the Memory Processing Model
Memory is a virtual minefield. Why do we remember some things and not others? This lesson reviews the levels of the memory processing model of memory to answer this question. Human Memory and Forgetting A person's memory is a strange thing. Sometimes it seems that we...
7.5 Atkinson & Shiffrin’s Modal Model of Memory
Did you know that there are three distinct memory systems according to Atkinson & Shiffrin's Modal Model of Memory? Learn more about the three distinct systems, and test your knowledge with a quiz. Introduction to the Model Lisa is a psychologist interested in...
7.4 The Brain’s Role in Implicit & Explicit Memory
In this lesson, we will explore how our brain processes, stores and responds to different types of memories. We'll discuss implicit and explicit memories, the parts of the brain that are involved with each type, and the brain's reactions to each type. The Brain: The...
7.3 Implicit versus Explicit Memory: Definitions & Differences
In this lesson, we will explore what implicit and explicit memories are, as well as each of their sub-components. Furthermore, we will discuss how age influences each of these sub-components. Memory I want you to try and remember two things. First, I want you to try...
7.2 Basic Memory Tasks: Recognition, Recall & Relearning
How we learn information is important, but so is how we remember it. In this lesson, we'll explore the basic tasks of memory and see how old information is recovered by the mind. Remembering Learning is great. It's important to try to learn from new information, new...
7.1 The Two-Store Model of Memory: Types of Memory and Storage
Do you remember your first day of school? This lesson discusses the foundational concepts behind all memories, including basic types of memory and the process all memories must go through for success: encoding, storage and retrieval. Introduction Do you remember your...
6.10 What Is ADHD? – Symptoms & Treatment
People diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience extreme energy, inattention, and sometimes a combination of both. They also struggle with focused activities. Explore the disorder in this lesson, and test your understanding with a quiz....
6.9 Selective Perception: Theory & Examples
In this lesson, we will discuss selective perception and the selective perception theory. Learn more about selective perception from examples. Then test your knowledge with a quiz. Example of Selective Perception Jane is an avid runner and a self-proclaimed health...
6.8 Anne Treisman & Feature Integration Theory
Need an easy tip for finding your friend in a crowd? In this lesson, you will learn about Anne Treisman's feature integration theory and how your attention is like a spotlight that can become wider or more focused. Two Types of Attention You are in a crowded shopping...
6.7 Signal Detection Theory: Definition & Examples
Do you ever hear things that aren't really there, or not hear something that's nearby? You're not going crazy, this is common. In this lesson we are going to look at signal detection theory and explore how your mind detects or misses various signals. Signal Detection...
6.6 What Is Selective Auditory Attention?
Through this lesson, you will learn what defines selective auditory attention, and gain insight into how it helps your brain to make sense of the sounds that are all around you every day. Selective Hearing Although nothing is ever universal, at some point during your...
6.5 The Stroop Effect in Psychology: Definition, Test & Experiment
This lesson discusses the Stroop Effect. You will learn about the man and original experiment behind it, try it yourself, study the underlying psychology, and also see what we know today. Who Was John Stroop? John Ridley Stroop was an American psychologist who studied...
6.4 Attentional Blink: Definition & Experiment
The attentional blink is a half-second of perceptual impairment that occurs between one event and another. In this lesson, we will examine an attentional blink experiment and some theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon. What is Attentional Blink? Have you...
6.3 Change Blindness: Definition & Examples
Change blindness is a fascinating phenomenon that most people experience throughout their lives. Through this lesson, you will learn how to define change blindness and explore some of the ways that it operates in the real world. What Is Change Blindness? Have you ever...
6.2 How Divided Attention Affects Multitasking
In this video lesson, you will see how multitasking results in divided attention. You will then see how this divided attention results in poorer memory and less learning. Divided Attention Meet John. He is a teenager going to high school. When he gets home every day,...
6.1 Attention as Part of Cognitive Development: Definition & Process
We pay attention in various ways, every day. In this lesson, we will look into the four types of attention we consistently use and look at how attention spans change throughout a lifetime. Definition of Attention Right now, as you watch this video, you are exercising...
5.9 The Dual Processing Theory of Consciousness
The mind is a miraculous machine - its ability to process information is astounding. This lesson reviews implicit and explicit processing: the dual processing theory of consciousness. Dual Processing Have you ever experienced a situation where you had an initial gut...
5.8 Attention and Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Processing
Are you a big-picture person or do you get caught up in the details? Explore two ways that you can use your cognitive resources to focus your attention. This lesson provides both the details and the big picture for top-down and bottom-up processing. Why do we...
5.7 The Differences Between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Inductive and deductive reasoning are often confused. This lesson introduces the concept of reasoning and gives you tips and tricks to keeping inductive and deductive reasoning straight. Using Reasoning Andrew and Kevin are studying for their upcoming speech final....
5.6 Groupthink: Definition & Examples
Some groups are quick to make decisions to maintain cohesion, but this can be a critical mistake to make. This lesson explains the concept of groupthink using the Challenger explosion as an example. Have I Experienced Groupthink? Have you ever been in a group where...
5.5 Group vs. Individual Decision Making: When to Use Each
At times an individual makes a decision, and at other times a group makes the decision. In this lesson, we will look at the issues surrounding group versus individual decisions Go With the Herd Every time I watch an old Western on television, there is at least one...
5.4 What is Bias? – Definition & Types
Through this lesson, you will learn how to define bias and explore a brief introduction to some of the types that exist in psychology and the social sciences. When you are through with the lesson, you can test your new knowledge with a short quiz. What Is Bias?...
5.3 Types of Heuristics: Availability, Representativeness & Base-Rate
Did you know that our brain uses strategies to process information and draw conclusions? Although we're able to reach conclusions through these mental strategies, sometimes, our reasoning can be off. Read on to discover how our brain draws these conclusions and why...
5.2 Expected Utility: Theory & Formula
This lesson will introduce expected utility theory. It states that under conditions of uncertainty, the correct choice between alternatives is the one that maximizes utility. An illustration, formula and calculation will follow. A Big Decision Justin is a hotshot...
5.1 Classical Decision Making Model
Imagine living in a perfect world, where all information is readily available to you. Wouldn't making decisions in such a world become as easy as pie? The classic model of decision-making gives you a taste of how it would be. Assumptions Behind the Model How would you...
4.9 What are the Habits of the Mind?
This lesson will teach you about the habits of the mind. No, these aren't cool nun outfits for your brain; they're mental behaviors that support an intelligent and thoughtful lifestyle. A brief quiz follows the lesson. What are the Habits of the Mind? How is it that...
4.8 Creativity & Aging: Definition & Changes with Age
In this lesson we will explore what creativity is, how one can go about measuring it and what leads to one being creative. In addition, we'll look at how creativity changes with age. Creativity I like to think of myself as a creative person. I like imagining what...
4.7 The Brain & Problem Solving: Areas & Process
In this lesson, we will learn about the brain and problem solving. We'll discuss which areas of the brain make decisions, the importance of flexibility and creativity in solving problems, and how the brain tackles challenging situations and dilemmas. Problem Solving:...
4.6 Problem Solving with Reframing: Definition & Examples
Every day we are faced with problems that we need to solve in our personal and professional lives. This lesson will discuss problem solving using reframing. Definition of Reframing Everyone has a different reaction when a problem arises, and everyone has their own...
4.5 Overcoming Functional Fixedness with Creativity
Functional fixedness is one of the great roadblocks to innovation. In this lesson, we are going to define this term and explore some ways to overcome it. Functional Fixedness In the 1980s, the world was introduced to a popular television show called MacGyver. In it,...
4.4 Functional Fixedness in Psychology: Definition & Examples
How does looking at a coin or a box of matches demonstrate the inability to think creatively? In this lesson, we'll examine functional fixedness, a cognitive bias that can prevent creative thinking and problem-solving, and discuss ways to overcome it. Cognitive Bias...
4.3 Insight Learning – Wolfgang Kohler: Theory, Definition & Examples
Insight learning is a theory of learning first put forth by Wolfgang Kohler about 90 years ago. Learn about the development and definition of this theory and then test your knowledge with a short quiz. Theory Development In the 1920s, German psychologist Wolfgang...
4.2 Problem Solving Methods: Definition & Types
There's more than one way to solve a problem. In this lesson, we'll review the five most common methods: trial and error, difference reduction, means-ends analysis, working backwards, and analogies. What Are Problem Solving Methods? Problem solving skills are among...
4.1 Types of Problems & Problem Solving Strategies
We solve hundreds of small problems everyday. This lesson covers different types of problems, such as routine vs. non-routine, and many of the different problem-solving strategies we use, including algorithms, heuristics, graphic representations and the IDEAL...
3.12 Pragmatic Language Impairment & Autism
In this lesson, we will learn what pragmatic language impairment is and how it relates to people with autism. We will discuss its characteristics and effects, and how people with autism can work to improve their communication skills with the support of those around...
3.11 Language Transfer: Definition, Types & Effects
This lesson defines and describes language transfer and differentiates between positive and negative transfer. It also describes how language transfer affects learners' ability to acquire a second language. Language Transfer Definition If you were offered $1,000,000...
3.10 Language Acquisition: Benefits of Bilingualism
Does it pay to be bilingual? This has been a controversial topic for over a century, and in this lesson, we will explore modern research on the benefits of bilingualism. Bilingualism In many parts of the United States, children will ask their parents a question only...
3.9 The Role of Culture & Gender in Listening
Are women better listeners than men? Does culture affect how you listen? In this lesson, we'll look at the listening styles of men and women, as well as those found in the East and the West. Listening & Stereotypes As a mom, I've said the words, 'Listen to me!' As...
3.8 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Examples and Definition
Did you know that the way we speak and use words can determine how we see the world? Find out how in this lesson about the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which also includes some thought-provoking examples. Then test your knowledge with a quiz. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis...
3.7 Auditory Processing Disorder & Dyslexia
Did you know that researchers estimate that over 40 million Americans are dyslexic? In this lesson, you will learn about auditory processing disorder, dyslexia, and how the two are related. For as long as John's parents could remember, John has always had...
3.6 What is Speech Impairment? – Definition, Causes & Characteristics
Did you know that millions of people in the United States have some type of speech impairment? Learn more about the different types of speech impairment, their causes, and the characteristics associated with impaired speech in this lesson. Definition of Speech...
3.5 Characteristics of Speech Sound Errors: Speech & Communication Disorders
In this lesson, we explore speech sound disorders, which include articulation deficits, phonological process disorder and fluency disorder. Also learn the characteristics of each of these disorders. Speech Sound Disorders Have you ever had one of those days when you...
3.4 Categorical Perception: Definition & Explanation
In this lesson, you will learn about a phenomenon called categorical perception and how it actually changes the way you hear and see certain things. We will focus on the perception of speech, where categorical perception was first discovered. An Example of Categorical...
3.3 Stages of Language Development: Pre-Linguistic and Symbolic Language
How does language expression emerge in children? Learn about the development of syntax in children through the pre-linguistic and linguistic stages of language development in this lesson. Syntax: Definition and Developmental Stages What image do you have in your mind...
3.2 Linguistic Diversity: Definition & Overview
Language can be considered a particularly human invention. People need language to communicate with one another in order to survive. This lesson explores why there are so many languages and how these languages may be compared. Why are Language, Groups Important? What...
3.1 Psycholinguistics: Definition & Theory
The study of psycholinguistics examines how we develop, perceive, and produce language. In this lesson, you will discover the field of psycholinguistics and the most popular psycholinguistic theories. What Is Psycholinguistics? Have you ever spent time with a baby and...
2.11 What is Color Blindness? – Causes & Overview
Humans have an incredibly sensitive and sophisticated visual system. Color blindness is a visual disorder characterized by a deficiency in color detection or processing. Here we explore several types of color blindness and their causes. Color Blindness: Definition Did...
2.10 What is Depth Perception? – Definition, Cues & Examples
How do our brains make 3-D images out of 2-D inputs? In this lesson, you'll explore various visual cues that require either one eye or both eyes. Prepare to look at depth perception in a new way. We live in a 3-dimensional world, but each of our eyes is...
2.9 Pattern Recognition through Feature Analysis & Configurational Systems
Understanding how people recognize patterns is a significant part of learning how we perceive and categorize different kinds of objects. This lesson discusses pattern recognition through feature analysis and configurational systems. Understanding Pattern Recognition...
2.8 Template, Feature Analysis & Prototype Theory
Are you interested in understanding what happens when we recognize new information and patterns? This lesson discusses template, feature analysis, and recognition by components theory to help you understand pattern recognition. What is Pattern Recognition? Juliette is...
2.7 Gestalt Principles & Concepts
In this lesson, we will learn about Gestalt principles and concepts. We will learn that we cannot always trust what we see. We will learn how our perception and reality may be very different. Gestalt Did you ever wonder why you see items in a picture that seem...
2.6 Locke’s Causal Theory of Perception
This lesson focuses on John Locke's explanations for how we understand the world and where these ideas originate. We'll look at how he viewed the role of sensations and what they cause us to experience. Mental vs. Physical Reality Is the world inside your own mind an...
2.5 James Gibson & the Ecological Theory of Perception
Perception, how people see their environment, can either be direct or indirect. This lesson looks at James Gibson's belief in the direct application of perception which led to his ecological theory of perception. Seeing the World How do you see the world? Do you see...
2.4 The Importance of Visual Perception in Cognitive Processes
The cognitive processes that are so important in learning can be significantly impacted with poor visual perception. Learn about the five cognitive processes that are impacted by visual perception in this lesson. Definitions and Introduction Paying attention,...
2.3 What is Visual Perception? – Definition & Theory
In this lesson, we'll explore visual perception, touching upon the top-down and bottom-up theories of perception by looking at scenarios we experience on an everyday basis. Visual Perception Take a look at this image. Which line looks longer to you, A or B? Most...
2.2 What are the Stages of Perception?
Perception refers to the way individuals experience or give meaning to information and events, and perception differs from person to person. This lesson will discuss the five stages of perception and will end with a quiz to test your knowledge. The Stages of...
2.1 What is Perception in Psychology? – Definition & Theory
Perception is the process of recognizing and interpreting sensory stimuli. Learn the definition of perception, how it is related to the five senses, how it differs from reality, and more. Interpreting Sensory Information Think of all the ways in which you experience...
1.6 Cognitive Revolution in Psychology
Psychology was once dominated by behavioral scientists and theories. Then came the cognitive revolution, an explosion of research and findings in the fields of cognitive science and cognitive psychology. In this lesson, you'll learn about the pioneers of the cognitive...
1.5 Psychological Approaches: Functionalism, Structuralism, Gestalt, Psychoanalysis & Behaviourism
In this lesson, you will explore some of the popular approaches that psychologists use to help them study the human mind. Then, test your understanding with a brief quiz. What Is Behaviour? When you were a child, did you ever hear a parent ask you to please behave?...
1.4 Rationalism vs. Empiricism: Similarities & Differences
Rationalism and empiricism are philosophical schools of thought that are fundamentally the opposite of each other. Their beliefs on the nature of reality come from a skeptical analysis of the opposing philosophy's beliefs. Rationalism vs. Empiricism Rationalism and...
1.3 Heraclitus vs. Parmenides
In this lesson, we compare the theories of two ancient Greek philosophers: Heraclitus, the philosopher of change, and Parmenides, the philosopher of permanence. In what ways they are different and how they are alike? Pre-Socratic Philosophy Among the pre-Socratic...
1.2 Ancient Greek Philosophy: Introspection & Associationism
Psychology is not a discipline we often associate with philosophy, but they actually share a common heritage. In this lesson, we will explore the roots of psychology in ancient Greek philosophy. The Origins of Psychology The discipline of psychology is relatively...
1.1 What is Cognitive Psychology? – Definition & Theories
Cognitive psychology focuses on the way people process information. In this lesson, you will gain an overview of the field of cognitive psychology and learn about prominent theories. You can test your knowledge with a quiz at the end. Definition of Cognitive...
Binaural Beats
Acoustic Brainwave Entrainment with Binaural Beats Dr. Jeffrey D. Thompson, D.C., B.F.A. What are Binaural Beats? Binaural beats are auditory brainstem responses which originate in the superior olivary nucleus of each hemisphere. They result from the interaction of...
Interference Patterns of Sound Waves
Sounds are all around us, but how they interact affects how we experience them. In this lesson, we'll explore the patterns created by interfering sound waves. Afterward, you can test your understanding with a brief quiz. Sound Waves Let's conduct a scientific...
How Sound Waves Interact
Sound waves move through the air and hit your ear. If sound waves collide, they change the wave and ultimately how you hear the sound. How the wave changes depends on whether the waves meet constructively or destructively. Sound Waves If you've ever been to the Grand...
Abnormal Sounds: Basic Physical Exam Terminology
We are going to discuss the different abnormal sounds that may be observed when doing a basic physical exam and what they may tell the doctor is going on in the body. Physical Exam So, you know you should get a physical exam every year. You haven't gotten one up until...
What is Timbre in Music?
The music we hear is more than just a matter of pitch and rhythm. In this lesson, we'll explore the concept of timbre and see how it impacts the sounds that we hear. Timbre What color is your favorite kind of music? That may sound like an odd question to ask, but it's...
The Human Voice
How are guitar strings and the human voice similar? Here's a hint: both rely on vibrations to make sound. Complete this lesson to learn how the human voice is produced in the larynx using air and vibrations. Your Instrument What's your favorite song? To sing along to...
Stages of Listening: Definitions & Process
What does listening entail? There's more to it than meets the... ear. In this lesson, explore the five stages of listening and test your understanding, and listening, with a brief quiz. What Is Listening? Listen up! Hey, nice work; you can listen! A lot of people...
What is Echolocation?
Some animals have the ability to locate prey, navigate, and even communicate with one another using echolocation. This lesson will describe what echolocation is and provide examples of how it works. Understanding Echolocation Imagine you're a crewmember on board a...
Musical Timbre of Instruments and Singers: Definition
How can you tell if you are listening to a violin or a flute? How do composers use timbre to express their ideas and keep the listener interested? Find out in this lesson on timbre! What Is Timbre? No, we're not talking about trees here - we're talking about timbre!...
Anatomy of The Ear’s External Structures
What is the pinna? Is it the same thing as your earlobe? Does the eardrum have anything to do with the tympanic membrane? Find out as we explore all of this and other important structures involved in the sensation of hearing as sound enters your ear. Talking to Your...
Influential World Filmmakers: Kurosawa to Bergman
In this lesson, we will meet some famous international filmmakers. We will explore the contributions of directors like Akira Kurosawa, Sergei Eisenstein, Billy Wilder, and Ingmar Bergman. A World of Stories The lights go dim. The theater falls silent. You wriggle in...
Influential American Filmmakers: Hitchcock to Spielberg
In this lesson, we will meet a few of America's most famous filmmakers. We will look at the accomplishments of Alfred Hitchcock, Steven Spielberg, and several other influential directors who have changed the movie industry. The People Who Tell the Stories Filmmakers...
Introduction of Sound to the Film Industry
In this lesson, we will explore the introduction of sound to the film industry. We will learn about the inventions that made sound in film possible, study the first movies with sound, and reflect on the changes that sound brought to the movie world. The Silent Era...
Early Film Directors & Techniques
In this lesson, we will study early film. We will look at the inventions that helped create the movie industry and explore the first films, directors, movie stars, and movie companies. A Bevy of Inventions In 2013, the movie industry in the United States and Canada...
Ho Do Sound And Matter Interact?
Learn how sound and matter are related and what happens when a sound wave reaches a new material. Also discover how absorption and reflection of sound can be useful. Then, test your knowledge with a quiz. What is Sound and Matter? Matter is all around us. And so is...
Place Theory of Hearing: Definition & Explanation
The place theory of hearing states that different parts of the cochlea are activated by different frequencies. Learn more about the place theory of hearing and the structure of the ear. What Is the Place Theory of Hearing? The place theory of hearing is used to...
Frequency Theory of Hearing: Definition & Explanation
How is it that we can listen to music and hear each individual note? This has to do with the frequency theory of hearing and the structure of the ear. Learn more about the frequency theory and then take a short quiz. The Frequency Theory Martin is listening to his...
Mechanics of Hearing & How the Brain Processes Sound
How do our ears transform sound into signals that our brains can process? In this lesson, you'll cover properties of sound waves and how they interact with key parts of the ear. Introduction Did you know where the smallest bones in your body are? They're not in your...
Sound Quality: Definition, Differentiation & Noise
How does your brain tell the difference between a note played by a guitar and the same note played by a piano? The answer has to do with sound quality, or timbre. Learn about the characteristics that your brain interprets to distinguish sounds. Timbre When you go to a...
The Doppler Effect: Definition, Examples & Applications
What is the Doppler effect? How does it affect our perceptions of sound and light? In this lesson, learn how traveling wave sources can change the way we observe sound and light waves. Explore the applications of the Doppler effect on shock waves, sonic booms, and the...
Transverse & Longitudinal Waves: Definition & Examples
What comes to mind when you think of a wave? Chances are your mental image takes the form of a transverse wave. But, longitudinal waves are just as important, and understanding the difference is vital to learning about waves. In this lesson, explore both types of...
Vibrations and Waves: Energy and Motion
What is a wave? What causes waves, and how do they travel from one place to another? This lesson will guide you through the basics of waves. We'll discuss their origins from vibrations and investigate how they carry energy through a medium. Vibrations Have you ever...
Wave Parameters: Wavelength, Amplitude, Period, Frequency & Speed
How do we measure and describe waves? How do waves differ based upon their shapes? This lesson will guide you through the five wave parameters - period, frequency, amplitude, wavelength, and speed - that we use to characterize waves. Wave Parameters So, we've learned...
Resonance: Definition & Transmission of Waves
This lesson describes how sound and light waves are affected by the principle of resonance. Learn how resonance occurs through the vibrations and resonant frequencies of objects. You'll investigate everyday examples of resonance and learn how to break a wine glass...
Sound: Definition, Influences, Pitch & Volume
What is a sound? Learn about sounds and what influences how we perceive them, including pitch and volume. Test your understanding of sound features and finish off with a quiz. What Is Sound? Have you ever wondered how or why things make sounds? Sound comes so...
Sound Attenuation: Definition & Effects
What exactly is sound, how does it travel, and why does it change volume? There are a lot of questions we can ask about sound, and in this lesson, we'll explore the idea of sound attenuation to explain a few of them. Sound Attenuation Can you hear me now? And, what...
What is SPL (Sound Pressure Level)? – Definition & Examples
The pressure within a sound wave determines the loudness of the sound. In this lesson, learn how to calculate the sound pressure level of a sound wave and what this measurement represents. What Is Sound Pressure? When it comes down to it, your ears are pretty amazing....
What is Sound? – Definition and Factors Affecting the Speed of Sound
Explore the minute workings of sound waves and how they travel. We'll discuss the main factors that affect the speed of sound waves, and we'll try some mathematical problems involving the wave equation. The Nature of Sound Waves Are you one of those people who likes...
Pitch and Volume in Sound Waves
What do pitch and volume mean when talking about sound waves? Further your understanding of sound waves in this lesson as we explore the more familiar aspects of sound. We'll learn about pitch and volume and how they relate to sound wave parameters. Sounds and Their...